http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/02/us/02veterans.html
By LIZETTE ALVAREZ and DAN FROSCH
Published: January 1, 2009
FORT CARSON, Colo. For the past several years, as this Army
installation in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains became a busy
way station for soldiers cycling in and out of Iraq, the number of
servicemen implicated in violent crimes has raised alarm.
Nine current or former members of Fort Carson's Fourth Brigade Combat
Team have killed someone or were charged with killings in the last
three years after returning from Iraq. Five of the slayings took
place last year alone. In addition, charges of domestic violence,
rape and sexual assault have risen sharply.
Prodded by Senator Ken Salazar, Democrat of Colorado, the base
commander began an investigation of the soldiers accused of homicide.
An Army task force is reviewing their recruitment, medical and
service records, as well as their personal histories, to determine if
the military could have done something to prevent the violence. The
inquiry was recently expanded to include other serious violent crimes.
Now the secretary of the Army, Pete Geren, says he is considering
conducting an Army-wide review of all soldiers "involved in violent
crimes since returning" from Iraq and Afghanistan, according to a
letter sent to Mr. Salazar in December. Mr. Geren wrote that the Fort
Carson task force had yet to find a specific factor underlying the
killings, but that the inquiry was continuing.
Focusing attention on soldiers charged with killings is a shift for
the military, which since the start of the war in Iraq has largely
deflected any suggestion that combat could be a factor in violent
behavior among some returning service members.
Maj. Gen. Mark Graham, the Fort Carson commander, said, "If they had
a good manner of performance before they deployed, then they get back
and they get into trouble, instead of saying we will discipline you
for trouble, the leadership has to say, Why did that occur, what
happened, what is causing this difference in behavior?"
General Graham, whose oldest son, Jeff, was killed by a roadside bomb
in Iraq a year after another son, Kevin, committed suicide, has made
mental health a focus since taking command of Fort Carson in 2007. "I
feel like I have to speak out for the Kevins of the world," he said.
The inquiry, the general added, is "looking for a trend, something
that happened through their life cycle that might have contributed to
this, something we could have seen coming."
Last January, The New York Times published articles examining the
cases of veterans of the wars in Iraq or Afghanistan charged with
homicide after their return. At the time, it counted at least 121
such cases. In many of them, combat trauma and the stress of
deployment appeared to have set the stage for the crimes.
At Fort Carson, at least four of the accused killers from the Fourth
Brigade Combat Team, Fourth Infantry Division were grappling with
post-traumatic stress disorder and several had been injured in battle.
One was John Needham, a 25-year-old private from a military family in
California, whose downward spiral began when he sustained shrapnel
wounds in Iraq and tried to commit suicide. This September, after
being treated for stress disorder and receiving a medical discharge
from the Army, Mr. Needham was charged with beating his girlfriend to death.
"Where is this aggression coming from?" asked Vivian H. Gembara, a
former captain and Army prosecutor at Fort Carson until 2004, who
wrote a book about the war crimes she prosecuted in Iraq. "Was it
something in Iraq? Were they in a lot of heavy combat? If so, the
command needs to pay more attention to that. You can't just point all
of them out as bad apples."
The Fourth Combat Brigade, previously called the Second Combat
Brigade, fought in Iraq's fiercest cities at some of the toughest
moments. Falluja and Ramadi, after insurgents dug into the rubble.
Baghdad and its Sadr City district, as body counts soared. By 2007,
after two tours, the brigade, which numbers 3,500, had lost 113
soldiers, with hundreds more wounded. It is now preparing for a tour
in Afghanistan this spring.
Most Fort Carson soldiers have been to Iraq at least once; others
have deployed two, three or four times.
Kaye Baron, a therapist in Colorado Springs who treats Fort Carson
soldiers and families, said, "It got to the point I stopped asking if
they have deployed, and started asking how many times they have deployed."
Ms. Baron added, "There are some guys who say, 'Why do I have to get
treatment for P.T.S.D.? I just have to go back.' "
While most soldiers returning from war adjust with minor
difficulties, military leaders acknowledges that multiple deployments
strain soldiers and families, and can increase the likelihood of
problems like excessive drinking, marital strife and post-traumatic
stress disorder.
Domestic violence among Fort Carson soldiers has become more
prevalent since the Iraq war began in 2003. In 2006, Fort Carson
soldiers were charged in 57 cases of domestic violence, according to
figures released by the base. As of mid-December, the number had grown to 145.
Rape and sexual assault cases against soldiers have also increased,
from 10 in 2006 to 38 as of mid-December, the highest tally since the
war began. Both domestic violence and rape are crimes that are
traditionally underreported.
Fort Carson officials say the increased numbers do not necessarily
indicate more violence. Karen Connelly, a Fort Carson spokeswoman,
said the base, whose population fluctuates from 11,000 to 14,500
soldiers, is doing a better job of holding soldiers accountable for
crimes, encouraging victims to come forward and keeping statistics.
Even so, Col. B. Shannon Davis, the base's deputy commander, said the
task force was examining these trends. "We are looking at crime as a
whole," he said.
The killings allegedly involving the nine current or former Fourth
Brigade soldiers have caused the most consternation. The first
occurred in 2005, when Stephen Sherwood, a musician who joined the
Army for health benefits, returned from Iraq and fatally shot his
wife and then himself.
Last year, three battlefield friends were charged with murder after
two soldiers were found shot dead within four months of each other.
Two of the accused suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder, and
all three had been in disciplinary or criminal trouble in the
military. One had a juvenile record and been injured in Iraq.
The latest killing was in October, when the police say Robert H.
Marko, an infantryman, raped and killed Judilianna Lawrence, a
developmentally disabled teenager he had met online. Specialist Marko
believed that on his 21st birthday he would become the "Black Raptor"
half-man, half-dinosaur, a confidential Army document shows. The
Army evaluated him three times for mental health problems but cleared
him for combat each time.
Senator Salazar, President-elect Barack Obama's choice to be
secretary of the interior, called for the Fort Carson inquiry, saying
the killings raised questions about what role, if any, combat stress played.
"It's a hard issue, but it's a realistic issue," he said.
Since arriving at Fort Carson, General Graham has spoken openly about
mental health, particularly post-traumatic stress disorder, calling
it an act of courage, not frailty, to ask for help.
His 21-year-old son, a top R.O.T.C. cadet, hanged himself in 2003
after battling depression. He had stopped taking his antidepressants
because he did not want to disclose his illness, fearing such an
admission would harm his chances for a career as an Army doctor,
General Graham said.
"He was embarrassed," the general said.
He added: "I feel it every day. We didn't give him all the care we
should have. He got some care, but not enough. I'll never be
convinced I did enough for my son."
At Fort Carson, in cases of dishonorable discharge, General Graham
asks whether the soldier might be struggling with combat stress disorder.
He has sometimes opted instead to grant medical discharges, which
entitle veterans to benefits. All Fort Carson soldiers who seek
medical attention are now asked about their mental health and, if
necessary, referred for treatment.
Still, some sergeants view stress disorder skeptically and actively
discourage treatment, some therapists and soldiers say.
Billie Gray, 71, who until recently worked at a base clinic helping
soldiers with emotional problems, said "that was the biggest problem
at Fort Carson today: harassment" and "the very fact they are
harassed made their mental status worse."
Ms. Gray said she believed she was fired in October for being an
outspoken advocate for mental health treatment. Base officials
declined to comment, citing privacy reasons.
Colonel Davis, the deputy commander, acknowledged that sergeants had
been reprimanded for discouraging treatment. "We have had to take
corrective action," he said, "but fewer and fewer times."
John Wylie Needham, one of the accused killers whose case is now
being examined by the task force, was "cracking up" in Iraq, he told
his father in an e-mail message. Yet, he felt he had to fight to get
help, his father said in an interview.
In October 2006, during his first week in Iraq, Private Needham, a
California surfer, watched a good friend die from a sniper bullet.
Months later, he was blasted in the back by shrapnel from a grenade.
To cope with his growing anxiety, he stole Valium and drank liquor.
Caught twice, he was punished with a reduction in rank, a fine and
extra work, a confidential Army document shows. Eventually, he was
prescribed medication, but he wrote to his father, Mike Needham, that
it did not help.
Private Needham became angry at the way other soldiers reacted to the
fighting, and he did not hide it. "They seemed to revel in how many
people they had killed," said a friend in his unit who spoke on
condition of anonymity.
In September 2007, Private Needham tried to kill himself with a gun,
the Army document states, but another soldier intervened. Mike
Needham, a veteran, said that rather than treating his son, the Army
disciplined him for discharging a weapon and confined him to
barracks. The Army declined to comment.
"I'm stressed to the point of completely losing it," Private Needham
wrote to his father in October 2007. "The squad leader brushed me off
and said suck it up."
He added, "They keep me locked up in this room and if I need food or
water I have to have 2 guards with me."
The Army evacuated Private Needham to Walter Reed Army Medical Center
to treat his back and his post-traumatic stress disorder. But a month
later, he was back at Fort Carson.
"The first words out of the Mental Health Authority was, 'we are
severely understaffed,' " Mr. Needham said in an e-mail message to an
officer at Walter Reed. "If you're suicidal we can see you twice a
week, otherwise once a week."
Fort Carson assured Mike Needham that his son was receiving proper
care. But during his son's visit home during the Thanksgiving break,
Mr. Needham found him smearing camouflage-colored makeup on his face
and frantically sharpening a stick with a kitchen knife.
"He was a total mess," Mr. Needham said.
He was treated at a California naval hospital until last July when he
received a medical discharge from the Army. While Private Needham was
in the early stages of getting help from a Veterans Administration
clinic, he spent his days depressed and often drinking at his
father's condominium.
Then last summer, Private Needham met Jacqwelyn Villagomez, a bubbly
19-year-old aspiring model who saw him as a kindred spirit, said
Jennifer Johnson, who had helped raise her. Her mother had died of
AIDS when she was 6 and her father had left the family. Ms.
Villagomez, "who saw the good in everyone," had recently kicked a
heroin habit, Ms. Johnson said.
"She thought she could save him," Ms. Johnson said. But a month
later, the police say, Private Needham beat Ms. Villagomez to death
in his father's condominium.
Mr. Needham said the Army handled his son's case poorly, but Ms.
Johnson finds it hard to muster sympathy for him.
"I'm sure what happened to him was awful," she said. "I'm sure he saw
some horrible things that altered him. But this is a 200-pound guy
who beat up this 95-pound little girl. It's disgusting."
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